COAL
The top 25 GHG emitting countries collectively account for approximately 92 percent of global coal consumption (BP, 2009). Coal mining and use is highly concentrated. Five countries account for nearly three-quarters of worldwide consumption. Unlike oil and to some extent natural gas, most coal is consumed domestically.

OIL
Together, the top 25 GHG emitting countries account for 78 percent of oil consumption (BP, 2009). Oil consumption patterns are weakly correlated with reserves, which are heavily concentrated in the Middle East, and less geographically concentrated than other fuels. This is primarily due to two factors: (1) oil dominates transport, accounting for nearly 94 percent of the global energy consumed in that sector (IEA, 2009) and (2) its tradability, with about 67 percent of global oil production being moved across borders through a well-developed global transit network of tanker fleets (BP, 2009).

NATURAL GAS
With respect to natural gas, the top 25 GHG emitters account for 77 percent of global consumption. Approximately half of all production and consumption takes place in the U.S., Russia, and EU, with the remainder widely dispersed geographically. Unlike oil, most natural gas is consumed domestically, although exports and imports are significant and growing. For example, in 2008, approximately 27 percent of global gas production was traded across borders (BP, 2009).